mujast MUJAST Mountain Top University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology MUJAST 2736-2310 Mountain Top University Prayer City, Ogun State, Nigeria LEGACY-8mdy61 10.mtu/legacy-8mdy61 Research Article Variability of Ionospheric F2 region critical frequency (foF2) for a low latitude station *Ehinlafa *Ehinlafa Mountain Top University, Nigeria E. O. Mountain Top University, Nigeria Abdulsalam Abdulsalam Mountain Top University, Nigeria B. A. Mountain Top University, Nigeria Liman Liman Mountain Top University, Nigeria M. Y. Mountain Top University, Nigeria Olawepo Olawepo Mountain Top University, Nigeria O. A. Mountain Top University, Nigeria Oladipo Oladipo Mountain Top University, Nigeria A.\r\nAdimula O. Mountain Top University, Nigeria Adeniyi I. A. and Mountain Top University, Nigeria O. J. Mountain Top University, Nigeria 08 04 2024 3 2 © 2024 Mountain Top University. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0). 2024 Mountain Top University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

<p class="ql-align-justify">In this study,&nbsp;<em>f</em><sub><em>o</em></sub><em>F2</em>&nbsp;variability diurnally, seasonally and annually&nbsp;was investigated during a Low Solar Epoch (LSE) over Ilorin (latitude 8.31°N, longitude 4.34°E,&nbsp;dip&nbsp;latitude&nbsp;2.95<sup>o</sup>), a low latitude station along the equatorial anomaly trough.&nbsp;The percentage variability&nbsp;index&nbsp;() was used for the analysis. The percentage variability&nbsp;index&nbsp;() is lowest during the day&nbsp;(2-17%); increases during night to&nbsp;(8-55%); and attained the highest magnitude during pre-sunrise phase (17-68%), for the period of LSE. Two major peaks were noticed in&nbsp;<em>V</em><sub><em>R</em></sub>:&nbsp;the pre-sunrise peak, which is higher, and the post-sunset peak. Annually,&nbsp;<em>&nbsp;</em>peaks at 44% for the pre-sunrise phase, and 37% for the post-sunset phase, during the LSE.&nbsp;The rapid electron drift away from the equator coincides&nbsp;with&nbsp;subsequent rise in the percentage variability&nbsp;index&nbsp;immediately after sunset for all the seasons.</p><p><br></p>

 <p><em>Critical frequency (f</em><sub><em>o</em></sub><em>F2); Variability&nbsp;index&nbsp;</em>()<em>;&nbsp;Pre-Sunrise; Post-sunset;&nbsp;Sunrise,&nbsp;Low Solar Epoch</em></p> Introduction & Full Text Notice

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